Lab 2D - Queue It Up!

Lab 2D - Queue it up!

Directions: Follow along with the slides and answer the questions in bold font in your IDS Journal.

In the last lab we looked at how you can use computer simulations to compute estimates of simple probabilities, like the probability of drawing a song genre from a playlist. We also saw that performing more simulations took longer to finish, and had estimates that varied less.
In this lab we'll extend our simulation methods to cover situations that are more complex.

– You will learn how to estimate their probabilities.

– You will also look at the roll of sampling with or without replacement.

In R, simulate a playlist of songs containing 30 "rap" songs, 23 "country" songs, and 47 "rock" songs. Assign the combined playlist the name "songs".
Simulate choosing a single song 50 times. Then use your simulated draws to estimate the probability of choosing a rap song. The actual (theoretical) probability of choosing a rap song in this case is 0.30.
Write a sentence comparing your estimated probability to the actual probability.

So far, you've selected songs with replacement. We call it that because each time you made a selection, you started with the same playlist. That is, you chose a song, wrote down its data, and then placed it back on the list.
It's also possible to select without replacement by setting the replace option in the sample function to FALSE.
Take a sample of size 100 from your playlist of songs without replacement. Assign this sample the name "without".
What do you notice if you run tally(~without)? Does something similar happen if you sample with replacement?
What happens if size = 101 and replace = FALSE?

Imagine the following two scenarios:

– You have a coin with two sides: Heads and Tails. You're not sure if the coin is fair, so you want to estimate the probability of getting a Head.

– A child reaches into a candy jar with 10 strawberry, 50 chocolate, and 25 watermelon candies. The child is able to grab three candies with their hand. You're interested in the probability that all three candies will be chocolate.
Which of these scenarios would you sample with replacement and which would you sample without replacement? Why?
Write down the line of code you would run to sample from the candy jar. Assume the simulated jar is named "candies".

In reality, songs from a playlist are chosen without replacement so that you won't hear the same song several times in a row.
Let's write a more realistic simulation and estimate the probability that if you select two songs at random, without replacement, both will be rap songs.

– Use the do function to perform 10 simulated samples of size 2 without replacement, and assign the simulations the name "draws".

To estimate the probability from your simulations, you need to find the proportion of times that the event you're interested in occurs in the simulations.
In other words, you need to count the number of times the desired events occur, divided by the number of attempts you've made (the number of simulations).
Next you will learn two ways to do this.

One way to estimate the probability of drawing two songs of the same genre is to use the following trick to count the number of rap songs in each of the 10 simulations:
```
mutate(draws, nrap = rowSums(draws=="rap"))
```
For each line of code below, describe how the output of the code changes as you move from line to line.
```
draws == "rap"
rowSums(draws == "rap")
mutate(draws, nrap = rowSums(draws=="rap"))
```

Another method you can use to estimate the probability of complex events is the following 2-step procedure:

– Subset the rows of the simulations that match your desired outcomes.

– Count the number of rows in the subset and divide by the number of simulations.
The result that you obtain is an estimate of the probability that a specific combination of events occurred.
We'll see an example of this method on the next slide.

Calculate estimated probabilities for the following situations:

– You draw two "rap" songs.

– You draw a "rap" song in the first draw and a "country" song in the 2nd.
Create a histogram that displays the number of times a "rap" song occurred in each simulation. That is, how often were zero rap songs drawn? A single rap song? Two rap songs?

Using what you've learned in the previous two labs, answer the following question by performing two computer simulations with 500 repetitions for each simulation:
If we draw 5 songs from a playlist of 30 rap, 23 country, and 47 rock songs, how does the estimated probability of all 5 songs being rap songs change if we draw the songs with or without replacement?*
For each simulation:

– Create a histogram for the number of rap songs that occurred for each of the 500 repetitions.

– Describe how the distribution of the number of rap songs changes depending on whether or not you use replacement.